M. Foreback, C. Bohm, and E. Dolson, Leveraging Heterogeneous Controller REpresentations for Evolutionarey Swarm Robotics. In: IEEE Symposium on Computatonasl Intelligence in Artificial Life and Cooperative
Intelligent Systems ALIFE-CIS 2025. [Article]
C. Bohm and A. Hintze, Towards Understanding Evolved Memory-Retaining Circuitry in the Wireworld Cellular Automaton, In: IEEE Symposium on Computatonasl Intelligence in Artificial Life and Cooperative
Intelligent Systems ALIFE-CIS 2025. [Article]
2024
A. Hintze and C. Adami, Promoting Cooperation in the Public Goods Game Using Artificial Intelligent Agents, npj Complexity, in review. [arXiv]
C. Adami, How Brains Perceive the World, Artificial Life 30, 551-563. [Journal]
A. Tehrani-Saleh, J.D. McAuley, and C. Adami, Mechanism of Duration Perception in Artificial Brains Suggests New Model of Attentional
Entrainment, Neural Computation 36, 2170-2200. [Journal]
C. Adami, The Evolution of Biological Information: How Evolution Creates Complexity, from Viruses
to Brains. Princeton University Press. [Publisher]
C. Bohm, I. Zhang, and E. Dolson, Assessing the Ability of the MODES Toolbox to Detect Hallmarks of Open-Endedness. In: Proceedings Artificial Life ALIFE 2024, p. 10. [Article]
A.J. Ferguson, C. Ofria, and C. Bohm, Predicting the Unpredictable: Using Replay Experiments to Disentangle How Evolutionary
Outcomes are Altered by Adaptive Momentum. In: Proceedings Artificial Life ALIFE 2024, p. 69. [Article]
C. Bohm, V. R. Ragusa, C. Ofria, R.E. Lenski, and C. Adami, Reduced Selection Duering Sweeps Leads To Adaptive Momentum on Rugged Landscapes. [BioRxiv] 2024.04.08.58837, in review.
2023
C. Bohm, A. Hintze, and J. Schossau, A Simple Sparsity Function to Promote Evolutionary Search, In: Proceeedings Artificial Life ALIFE 2023, p. 53. [Article]
V. R. Ragusa and C. Bohm, The Role of Disequlibrium in Evolutionary Discovery. In: Proceeedings Artificial Life ALIFE 2023, p. 109. [Article].
C. Bohm, C. Reeves, and J. Schossau, Wire Brains: An Extension to Wireworld Allowing For Evolvable Digital Brains. Proc. of ALIFE 2023 Conference Workshop. [PDF]
C. Adami, The Elements of Intelligence. Artif. Life 29 (2023), 293-307.[Journal]
A. Hintze and C. Adami, Detecting Information Relays In Deep Neural Networks. Entropy 25 (2023) 401. [Journal]
2022
A. Hintze and C. Adami. Neuroevolution Gives Rise to More Focused Information Transfer Compared to Backpropagation
in Recurrent Neural Networks. Neural Computing & Applications 34 (2022) 022-08125. [Journal]
C. Adami, Making Artificial Brains: Components, Topology, and Optimization. Artif. Life 28 (2022) 157-166. [Journal]
C. Adami and Nitash C G, Emergence of Functional Information from Multivariate Correlations. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. A 380 (2022) 20210250. [Journal]
V. Ragusa and C. Bohm, Augmenting Evolution with Bio-Inspired “Super-Explorers”, in: The 2022 International Conference on Artificial Life, S. Holler, R. Löffler,
and S. Bartlett, eds. (MIT Press, 2022) pp. 56. [Proceedings]
K.G. Skocelas, A.J. Ferguson, C. Bohm, K. Perry, R. Adaji, and C. Ofria, The Evolution of Genetic Robustness for Cellular Cooperation in Early Multicellular
Organisms, in: The 2022 International Conference on Artificial Life, S. Holler, R. Löffler,
and S. Bartlett, eds. (MIT Press, 2022) pp. 52. [Proceedings]
J.C. Jarvey, P. Aminpour, and C. Bohm, The Effects of Social Rank and Payoff Structure on the Evolution of Group Hunting. PLOS ONE 17 (2022) e0269522. [Journal]
C. Bohm, D. Kirkpatrick, V. Cao, and C. Adami, Information Fragmentation, Encryption, and Information Flow in Complex Biological
Networks, Entropy 24 (2022) 735. [Journal]
C. Bohm, D. Kirkpatrick, and A. Hintze, Understanding Memories of the Past in the Context of Different Complex Neural Network
Architectures. Neural Computation 24 (2022) 754-780. [Journal]
C. Bohm, S. Albani, C. Ofria, and A. Ackles, Using the Comparative Hybrid Approach to Disentangle the Role of Substrate Choice
on the Evolution of Cognition. Artificial Life 28 (2022) 423-439. [Journal]
2021
V. R. Ragusa and C. Bohm, Connections Between Noisy Fitness and Selection Strength, in: The 2021 International Conference on Artificial Life. J. Čejková, S. Holler, L.
Soros, and O. Witkowski, eds. (MIT Press, 2021) pp. 109. [Proceedings]
S. Albani, A. L. Ackles, C. Ofria, and C. Bohm, The Comparative Hybrid Approach to Investigate Cognition Across Substrates, In: The 2021 International Conference on Artificial Life. J. Čejková, S. Holler,
L. Soros, and O. Witkowski, eds. (MIT Press, 2021) pp. 110. [Proceedings]
D. Kirkpatrick, V. Cao, and C. Bohm, Tracking Data Flow in Digital Brains Exposes
Coincidental Encryption. In: The 2021 International Conference on Artificial Life.
J. Čejková, S. Holler, L. Soros, and O. Witkowski, eds. (MIT Press, 2021) pp. 114. [Proceedings]
A. Tehrani-Saleh and C. Adami, Psychophysical Tests Reveal that Evolved Artificial Brains Perceive Time Like Humans. In: The 2021 International Conference on Artificial Life. J. Čejková, S. Holler,
L. Soros, and O. Witkowski, eds. (MIT Press, 2021) pp. 23. [Proceedings]
Nitash C G and C. Adami, Information-theoretic Characterization of the Complete Genotype-Phenotype Map of a
Complex Prebiotic World. Phys. of Life Reviews 38 (2021) 111-114. [Journal]
C. Adami, A Brief History of Artificial Intelligence Research, Artif. Life 27 (2021) 131-137. [Journal]
2020
A. Hintze and C. Adami, Cryptic Information Transfer in Differently-Trained Recurrent Neural Networks, in: 7th International Conf. on Soft Computing and Machine Intelligence (IEEE Press,
2020), pp. 115-120. [Proceedings]
J. Lehmann, et al. The Surprising Creativity of Digital Evolution: A Collection of Anecdotes from the
Evolutionary Computation and Artificial Life Research Communities. Artificial Life 26 (2020) 274-306. [arXiv] [Journal]
T. LaBar and C. Adami, Genome Size and the Extinction of Small Populations in “Evolution in Action – Past, Present, and Future: A Festschrift in Honor of Erik
Goodman’s 75th Birthday” (Springer-Verlag, 2020) pp. 167-183. [BioRxiv]
D.K. Sydykova, T. LaBar, C. Adami, and C.O. Wilke, Moderate Amounts of Epistasis are not Evolutionarily Stable in Small Populations. J. Mol. Evol. 88 (2020) 435-444. [BioRxiv] [Journal] [Commentary]
A Tehrani-Saleh and C Adami, Can Transfer Entropy Infer Information Flow in Neuronal Circuits for Cognitive Processing? Entropy 22 (2020) 385. [Journal].
2019
L. Sheneman, J. Schossau, and A. Hintze, The Evolution of Neuroplasticity and the Effect on Integrated Information. Entropy 21 (2019) 524. [Journal]
A. Hintze, J. Schossau, and C. Bohm. The Evolutionary Buffet Method, in: Genetic Programming Theory and Practice XVI, W. Banzhaf, L. Spector, and L.
Sheneman, eds. (Springer, Cham, 2019) pp. 17-36. [Proceedings]
C. Bohm, A. Lalejini, J. Schossau, and C. Ofria, MABE 2.0: An Introduction to MABE and a Road Map for Future MABE Development, in: Proc. of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference Companion, pp.
1349-1356. [Proceedings]
A.C. Pontes, R.B. Mobley, C. Ofria, C. Adami, and F.C. Dyer, The Evolutionary Origin of Associative Learning. Am. Nat. 194 (2019), E1-E9. [Abstract]
J. Franklin, T. LaBar, and C. Adami, Mapping the Peaks: Local Fitness Landscapes of the Fittest and the Flattest. Artificial Life 25 (2019) 250-262. [Article] [BioRxiv]
2018
J. Schossau and A. Hintze, Neuronal Variation as a Cognitive Evolutionary Adaptation, in: The 2018 International Conference on Artificial Life, T. Ikegami, N. Virgo,
O. Witkowski, M. Oka, R. Suzuki and H. Iizuka, eds. (MIT Press, 2018) pp. 57-58. [Proceedings]
H.J. Goldsby, R.L. Young, J. Schossau, H.A. Hofmann, and A. Hintze, Serendipitous Scaffolding to Improve a Genetic Algorithm’s Speed and Quality, in: Proc. of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference (ACM, 2018), K. Takadame,
ed. pp. 959-966. [Proceedings]
A. Hintze, J.A. Edlund, R.S. Olson, D. B. Knoester, J. Schossau, L. Albantakis, A.
Tehrani-Saleh, P. Kvam, L. Sheneman, H. Goldsby, C. Bohm, and C. Adami, Markov Brains: A Technical Introduction [arXiv]
A. Tehrani-Saleh, T. LaBar, and C. Adami, Evolution Leads to a Diversity of Motion-Detection Neuronal Circuits In: Proceedings Artificial Life 16, T. Ikegami, N. Virgo, O. Witkowski, M. Oka, R.
Suzuki and H. Iizuka, eds. (MIT Press, 2018). [arXiv][Article].
A. Hintze, D. Kirkpatrick, and C. Adami, The Structure of Evolved Representations Across Different Substrates for Artificial
Intelligence. In: Proceedings Artificial Life 16, T. Ikegami, N. Virgo, O. Witkowski, M. Oka, R.
Suzuki and H. Iizuka, eds. (MIT Press, 2018). [arXiv][Article].
C. Adami and A. Hintze, Thermodynamics of Evolutionary Games. Phys. Rev. E 97 (2018) 062136 [Journal] [arXiv].
2017
Nitash C G., T. LaBar, A. Hintze, and C. Adami, Origin of Life in a Digital Microcosm. Phil. Trans. Royal Soc. A 357 (2017) 20160350. [Article]
T. Pinto, L. Cai, C. Wang, and X. Tan, CNT-based sensor arrays for local strain measurements in soft pneumatic actuators, Int. J. Intell. Robot. Appl. 1 (2017) 157.[Journal]
J. Schossau, L. Albantakis, and A. Hintze, The Role of Conditional Independence in the Evolution of Intelligent Systems. In: Proc. of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference (ACM, 2017) 139-140. [Proceedings]
T. LaBar and C. Adami, Evolution of Drift Robustness in Small Populations. Nature Communications 8 (2017) 1012 [Article] [Press Release]
S. D. Chapman, C. Adami, C.O. Wilke, and Dukka B. K C, The Evolution of Logic Circuits for the Purpose of Protein Contact Map Prediction. PeerJ 5 (2017) e3139. [Article]
B. Patra, Y. Kon, G. Yadav, A. Sevold, J. Frumkin, R.R. Vallabhajosyula, A. Hintze,
B. Østman, J. Schossau, A. Bhan, B. Marzolf, J. Tamashiro, A. Kaur, N. Baliga, E.
Grayhack, C. Adami, D. Galas, A. Raval, E. Phizicky, A. Ray. A Genome-wide Dosage-Rescue Network Reveals Genetic Robustness. Nucleic Acids Research 45 (2017) 255-270. [Article]
T. LaBar and C. Adami, From Entropy to Information: Biased Typewriters and the Origin of Life. In: “From Matter to Life: Information and Causality “, (S.I. Walker, P.C.W. Davies,
and G. Ellis, eds.) Cambridge University Press (2016), pp. 130-154. [arXiv][PDF]
2016
A. Gupta and C. Adami, Shared Information Between Residues is Sufficient to Detect Epistasis in a Protein. PLoS Genetics 12 (2016) e1006471. [Article][PDF]
R. S. Olson, J. H. Moore, and C. Adami, Evolution of Active Categorical Image Classification via Saccadic Eye Movement. In Proc. “Parallel Problem Solving in Nature” Conference. Lecture Notes in Computer
Science 9921 (2016) 581-590. [PDF]
C. Adami, J. Schossau, and A. Hintze, The Reasonable Effectiveness of Agent-based Simulations in Evolutionary Game Theory. Physics of Life Reviews 19 (2016) 38-42. [Article][PDF]
C. Adami, J. Schossau, and A. Hintze, Evolutionary Game Theory Using Agent-based Methods. Physics of Life Reviews 19 (2016) 1-26. [Article]
T. LaBar, A. Hintze, and C. Adami, Evolvability Tradeoffs in Emergent Digital Replicators. Artificial Life 22 (2016) 483-498. [Abstract] [PDF]
T. LaBar and C. Adami, Different Evolutionary Paths to Complexity for Small and Large Populations of Digital
Organisms. PLoS Comp. Biol. 12 (2016) 1005066. [Article].
A. Tehrani-Saleh and C. Adami, Flies as Ship Captains? Digital Evolution Unravels Selective Pressures to Avoid Collision
in Drosophila. In: Proceedings Artificial Life 15 (C. Gershenson, T. Froese, J.M. Sisqueiros, W.
Aguilar, E.J. Izquierdo, H. Sayama, eds.) MIT Press (Cambridge, MA, 2016), pp. 554-561. [Article] [PDF]
R.S Olson, A. Hintze, F.C. Dyer, J.H. Moore, C. Adami, Exploring the Coevolution of Predator and Prey Morphology and Behavior. In: Proceedings Artificial Life 15 (C. Gershenson, T. Froese, J.M. Sisqueiros, W.
Aguilar, E.J. Izquierdo, H. Sayama, eds.) MIT Press (Cambridge, MA, 2016), pp. 250-258. [Article] [PDF].
R. S. Olson, D. B. Knoester, and C. Adami, Evolution of Swarming Behavior is Shaped By How Predators Attack. Artificial Life 22 (2016) 299-318. [Journal][PDF]
N. Chaumont and C. Adami, Evolution of Sustained Foraging in Three-Dimensional Environments with Physics. Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines 17 (2016) 359-390. [Article]
A. Gupta, T. LaBar, M. Miyagi, and C. Adami, Evolution of Genome Size in Asexual Digital Organisms. Sci. Rep. 6 (2016) 25786. [Article]
A. Gupta and C. Adami, Strong Selection Significantly Increases Epistatic Interactions in the Long-Term Evolution
of a Protein. PLoS Genetics 12 (2016) e1005960. [Article] [Press Release]
C. Adami, What is Information? Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. A 374 (2016) 20150230. [Article]
J. Schossau, C. Adami, and A. Hintze, Information-theoretic Neuro-correlates Boost Evolution of Cognitive Systems. Entropy 18 (2016) 6. [Article]
2015
A. Gupta, C.T. Brown, Y. Zheng, and C. Adami, Differentially-Expressed Pseudogenes in HIV-1 Infection. Viruses 7 (2015) 5191-5205 [Journal] [PDF].
P. Kvam, J. Cesario, J. Schossau, H. Eisthen, and A. Hintze, Computational Evolution of Decision-Making Strategies. In: D.C. Noelle, R. Dale, A.S. Warlaumont, J. Yoshimi, T. Matlock, C.D. Jennings,
& P.P. Maglio (eds.), Proceedings of the 37th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science
Society (pp. 1225-1230). Austin, TX: Cognitive Science Society. [PDF]
A. Hintze, N. Phillips, and R. Hertwig, The Janus Face of Darwinian Competition. Scientific Reports 5 (2015) 13662 [Article] [Press Release].
R.S. Olson*, P.B. Haley*, F.C. Dyer, and C. Adami, Exploring the Evolution of a Trade-off Between Vigilance and Foraging in Group-living
Organisms. Royal Society open sci. 2 (2015) 150135. [Article] [PDF] (*: Joint first authors.)
T. LaBar, C. Adami, and A. Hintze, Does Self-Replication Imply Evolvability? Proc. of European Conference on Artificial Life 2015 (P. Andrews, L. Caves, R. Doursat,
S. Hickinbotham, F. Polack, S. Stepney, T. Taylor & J. Timmis, eds.) MIT Press (Cambridge,
MA, 2015) pp. 596-602. [Article][PDF]
C. Adami, Information-theoretic Considerations Concerning the Origin of Life. Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres 45 (2015) 9439. [Article] [PDF] .
J. Clifford and C. Adami, Discovery and Information-theoretic Characterization of Transcription Factor Binding
Sites that Act Cooperatively. Physical Biology 12 (2015) 056004. [Journal] [PDF]
A. Hintze and C. Adami, Punishment in Public Goods Games Leads to Meta-Stable Phase Transitions and Hysteresis. Physical Biology 12 (2015) 046005. [Journal]
C. Adami, Robots with Instincts. Nature 521 (2015) 426-427. [Journal] [PDF]
A. Hintze, R. S. Olson, C. Adami, and R. Hertwig. Risk Sensitivity as an Evolutionary Adaptation. Sci. Rep. 5 (2015) 8242. [Journal] [Press Release]
M. Vital, B. Chai, B. Østman, J. Cole, K. T. Konstantinidis, and J. M. Tiedje. Gene expression analysis of E. coli strains provides insights into the role of gene
regulation in diversification. The ISME Journal 9 (2015) 1130–1140. [Journal]
2014
H.J. Goldsby, D.B. Knoester, B. Kerr, and C. Ofria. The Effect of Conflicting Pressures on the Evolution of Division of Labor. PLoS ONE 9 (2014) e102713. [Journal]
L. Albantakis, A. Hintze, C. Koch, C. Adami, and G. Tononi, Evolution of Integrated Causal Structures in Animats Exposed to Environments of Increasing
Complexity. PLoS Comp. Biol. 10 (2014) e1003966 [Journal].
A. E. Johnson, E. Strauss, R. Pickett, C. Adami, I. Dworkin, and H. J. Goldsby. More Bang For Your Buck: Quorum-Sensing Capabilities Improve the Efficacy of Suicidal
Altruism. Proceedings of Artificial Life 14 (H. Sayama, J. Rieffel, S. Risi, R. Doursat and
H. Lipson, eds.) MIT Press, Cambridge, MA (2014) pp. 25-32. [Proceedings]
D. Higgins, T. Padilla, and A. Hintze. Defining Literary Data: An Information Theoretical Approach. Proceedings JADH Conference (2014).
P.B. Haley, R.S. Olson, F.C. Dyer, and C. Adami. Exploring Conditions that Select for the Evolution of Cooperative Group Foraging. Proceedings of Artificial Life 14 (H. Sayama, J. Rieffel, S. Risi, R. Doursat and
H. Lipson, eds.) MIT Press, Cambridge, MA (2014) pp.310-311. [Proceedings]
H.J. Goldsby, D.B. Knoester, C. Ofria, and B. Kerr. The Evolutionary Origin of Somatic Cells under the Dirty Work Hypothesis. PLoS Biology 12 (2014) e1001858. [Journal].
B. Østman, R. Lin, and C. Adami. Tradeoffs Drive Resource Specialization and the Gradual Establishment of Ecotypes. BMC Evol. Biol. 14 (2014) 113 [Journal] [arXiv]
2013
D. B. Knoester, H. J. Goldsby, and P. K. McKinley. Genetic Variation and the Evolution of Consensus in Digital Organisms. IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation 17 (2013) 403-417.
C. Adami. Artificial Evolution. In: “Encyclopaedia of Systems Biology” (W. Dubitzky,
O. Wolkenhauer, H. Yokota and K.-H Cho, eds.) Springer Verlag (2013) pp. 39-42. [PDF]
R. S. Olson, M. Mirmomeni, T. Brom, E. Bruger, A. Hintze, D. B. Knoester, and C. Adami. Evolved digital ecosystems: Dynamic steady state, not optimal fixed point. In: “Advances in Artificial Life (ECAL 2013)” (P. Liò, O. Miglino, G. Nicosia, S.
Nolfi and M. Pavone, eds.) MIT Press (2013) pp. 126-133. [Proceedings] [PDF] BibTeX
S. D. Chapman, D. B. Knoester, A. Hintze, and C. Adami. Evolution of an artificial visual cortex for image recognition. In: “Advances in Artificial Life (ECAL 2013)” (P. Liò, O. Miglino, G. Nicosia, S.
Nolfi and M. Pavone, eds.) MIT Press (2013) pp. 1067-1074. [Proceeedings] [PDF]
R. S. Olson, D. B. Knoester, and C. Adami. Critical Interplay Between Density-dependent Predation and Evolution of the Selfish
Herd. Proceedings of GECCO 2013, pp. 247-254. Best paper award in Artificial Life track. [Proceedings] [PDF] BibTeX
C. Adami and A. Hintze. Evolutionary Instability of Zero-Determinant Strategies Demonstrates That Winning
is Not Everything. Nature Communications 4 (2013) 2193. [Journal] [arXiv] [Press release]
B. Østman and C. Adami. Predicting Evolution and Visualizing High-dimensional Fitness Landscapes. In “Recent Advances in the Theory and Application of Fitness Landscapes” (A. Engelbrecht
and H. Richter, eds.) Springer Series in Emergence, Complexity, and Computation (2013),
pp. 493-510. [Book Chapter]
B. Østman. Effects of Epistasis and Pleiotropy on Fitness Landscapes. In: “Evolutionary Biology: Exobiology and Evolutionary Mechanisms” (P. Pontarotti,
ed.). Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg (2013) pp. 37-46. [Book Chapter]
R. S. Olson, A. Hintze, F. C. Dyer, D. B. Knoester, C. Adami. Predator Confusion is Sufficient to Evolve Swarming Behavior, Journal of the Royal Society Interface 10 (2013) 20130305. [Journal] [PDF] BibTeX
L. Marstaller, A. Hintze, and C. Adami, The Evolution of Representation in Simple Cognitive Networks. Neural Computation 25 (2013) 2079-2105. [Journal]
2012
C. Adami. Boldly Going Beyond Mathematics. Science 338 (2012) [Journal] [PDF]
C. Adami. Adaptive Walks on the Fitness Landscape of Music. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 109 (2012) 11898-11899. [PDF]
J. Qian, T. Ferguson, D. Shinde, A. Ramirez-Borrero, A. Hintze, C. Adami, and A. Niemz. Sequence Dependence of Isothermal DNA Amplification via EXPAR. Nucleic Acids Research 40 (2012) e87 [Journal] [PDF].
C. Adami. The Use of Information Theory in Evolutionary Biology, Annals NY Acad. Sciences 1256 (2012) 49-65. [Journal] [PDF]
C. Adami, J. Schossau, and A. Hintze. Evolution and Stability of Altruist Strategies in Microbial Games. Physical Review E 85 (2012) 011914 [Journal] [PDF]
B. Østman, A. Hintze and C. Adami. Impact of Epistasis and Pleiotropy on Evolutionary Adaptation. Proc. Roy. Soc. 279 (2012) 247-256. [Journal] [PDF]
2011
J. Edlund, N. Chaumont, A. Hintze, C. Koch, G. Tononi, and C. Adami. Integrated Information Increases with Fitness in the Evolution of Animats. PLoS Comp. Biol. 7 (2011) e1002236. [Journal] [PDF]
E.D. Dorn and C. Adami. Robust Monomer Distribution Biosignatures in Evolving Digital Biota. Astrobiology 11 (2011) 959-968. [Journal] [PDF]
C. Adami, J.Qian, M. Rupp, and A. Hintze. Information content of colored motifs in complex networks. Artificial Life 17 (2011) 375-390. [Journal] [PDF]
C. Adami. Toward a Fully Relativistic Theory of Quantum Information. In: From Nuclei to Stars: Festschrift in Honor of Gerald E. Brown, edited by S.
Lee (World Scientific, Singapore, 2011). Pp. 71-102. [PDF]
J. Qian, A. Hintze, and C. Adami. Colored Motifs Reveal Computational Building Blocks in the C. elegans Brain. PLoS ONE 6 (2011) e17013. [Journal] [PDF]
E. Dorn, K. H. Nealson, and C. Adami. Monomer Abundance Distribution Patterns as a Universal Biosignature: Examples from
Terrestrial and Digital Life. J. Mol. Evol 72 (2011) 283-295. [Article] [PDF]